Sunday, May 24, 2020
Jussive (Clauses) Definition and Examples
A jussive is a type of clause (or a form of a verb) that expresses an order or command. In Semantics (1977), John Lyons notes that the term imperative sentence is often employed by other writers in the broader sense that we have given here to jussive sentence; and this can lead to confusion. Etymology: from the Latin, command Example Jussives include not only imperatives, as narrowly defined, but also related non-imperative clauses, including some in subjunctive mood: Be sensible.You be quiet.Everybody listen.Lets forget it.Heaven help us.It is important that he keep this a secret. The term jussive is, however, used to some extent as a syntactic label, and in this use would not include commands expressed as straight declaratives, e.g. You will do what I say. In popular grammars, where the term is not used, such structures would be dealt with under an expanded imperative label and under subjunctives. (Sylvia Chalker and Edmund Weiner, Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar. Oxford University Press, 1994) Commentary Jussive: A term sometimes used in the grammatical analysis of verbs, to refer to a type of mood often equated with an imperative (leave!), but in some languages needing to be distinguished from it. For example, in Amharic, a jussive paradigm is used for wishes (May God give you strength), greetings, and certain other contexts, and this is formally distinct from the imperative. (David Crystal, A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 4th ed. Blackwell, 1997)Imperatives constitute a subclass of a somewhat larger class of jussive clauses. . . . Non-imperative jussives include main clauses like The devil take the hindmost, God save the queen, So be it, and subordinate clauses like [It is essential] that he accompany her, [I insist] that they not be told. The construction exemplified here is productive only in subordinate clauses: the main clauses are virtually restricted to fixed expressions or formulae. Like imperatives they have a base form as first verb... A number of other relative ly minor main clause constructions might be included in the jussive category: May you be forgiven!, If that is what the premier intends, let him say so, and so on. (Rodney Huddleston, English Grammar: An Outline. Cambridge University Press, 1988)[John] Lyons [Semantics, 1977: 747] argues that the imperative can only be, strictly, second person, and never third person (or first person). This may, however, be no more than a terminological issue, since first and third person imperatives are often simply called jussives. Bybee (1985: 171) suggests that where there is a full set of person-number forms the term optative is used, but this is not entirely suitable in view of the fact that the term is used traditionally for the optative mood in Classical Greek (8.2.2)... The term Jussive (plus Imperative) is preferred here. (F. R. Palmer, Mood and Modality, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2001)
Wednesday, May 13, 2020
Fall of Humanity Then and Now Free Essay Example, 1250 words
Lastly, humans can experience love and mirror God’s qualities of justice, power, and wisdom if they eliminate subjugation and enslavement (Coulter, 2010). 2. What are the consequences of the Fall for human nature (from Gen 3)? In the Genesis account about the fall of humans, the story shifts from creation to Eve’s encounter with a serpent. She partakes of the fruit that God’s law forbids and convinces Adam to join her in the sin. Surprisingly, he partakes of the fruit and it results in litigation. When God asks the man why he ate the fruit, he shifts the blame to Eve. Similarly, Eve blames the serpent. The account reveals human autonomy as the Centre of human behavior (Shuster, 2013). Therefore, the autonomous response to God’s statutes resulted in the separation of humans from God. Although humans have the freedom to choose, they exercise it for selfish gain. Human nature is pervasive because it abuses the gift of freedom that God granted to humans. 3. What is revealed about human purpose from the readings? What does it mean for humans to flourish, in other words to achieve spiritual, emotional, and mental well-being? We will write a custom essay sample on Fall of Humanity: Then and Now or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now As mentioned above, humans denounced God’s headship, sovereignty, and the role as a moral agent. However, humans can achieve a turnaround if they work with God towards a wholesome transformation of selfishness. It is imperative that they learn about God’s righteousness and how to overcome the deceptive selfish orientation of the heart. Humans have the ability to restore their relationship with God and attain spiritual maturity. Therefore, they need to read and meditate the Bible daily and seek God’s guidance through prayer. What is more, humans should enjoy each other’s company at Christian meetings with fellow believers. Eventually, the cultivation of interpersonal relationships with like-minded Christians will enable them to draw close to God. 4. How might the answer to these questions differ according to different worldviews? It is worth noting that different scholars formulate theological theories about the account of creation and the fall of man. Some of the speculations are acceptable while others are non-Biblical. The world has several religions, and each interprets life differently while others are indifferent to the biblical view of human existence and morality. Some people believe that the account at Genesis 1-3 refers to a myth or a parable akin to Jesus’ sermons. In most cases, they view the account of creation as a miracle and refuse to accept the role of God.
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Pestel Framework Free Essays
The PESTEL framework is designed to provide managers with an analytical tool to identify different macro-environmental factors that may affect business strategies, and to assess how different environmental factors may influence business performance now and in the future. The PESTEL Framework includes six types of important environmental influences: political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal. These factors should not be seen as independent factors. We will write a custom essay sample on Pestel Framework or any similar topic only for you Order Now Factors such as technological advances may probably affect the social and economic conditions in different markets. Below, some characteristics in each environmental factor are listed, which may give business managers guidance to, which factors may be of importance to a company’s strategy. The list is however far from complete, and it only gives managers some preliminary inspiration to, which factors may be of relevance for handling business strategies. Many factors, that are not included below, may have an effect on business success, and each company must evaluate for themselves, which key drivers of change will potentially have strategic and competitive consequences. Political factors †¢Ã‚         Stability of government †¢Ã‚         Social policies: (e. g. social welfare etc. ) †¢Ã‚         Trade regulations: (e. g. the EU ; NAFTA) †¢Ã‚         Tax policies †¢Ã‚         Entry mode regulations Economic factors †¢Ã‚         Disposable income of buyers †¢Ã‚         Credit accessibility †¢Ã‚         Unemployment rates †¢Ã‚         Interest rates †¢Ã‚         Inflation Social Factors †¢Ã‚         Population demographics: (e. g. aging population) †¢Ã‚         Distribution of Wealth †¢Ã‚         Changes in lifestyles and trends Â Â Â Â Â Â Â à ‚  Educational levels Technological factors †¢Ã‚         New innovations and discoveries †¢Ã‚         Pace of technological innovations and advances †¢Ã‚         Pace of technological obsolescence †¢Ã‚         New technological platforms (e. g. VHS and DVD) Environmental factors †¢Ã‚         Environmental protection laws †¢Ã‚         Waste disposal laws †¢Ã‚         Energy consumption regulation †¢Ã‚         Popular attitude towards the environment Legal factors †¢Ã‚         Employment regulations †¢Ã‚         Competitive regulations          Health and safety regulations †¢Ã‚         Product regulations The key for business managers is therefore to discover the main drivers of change that may affect business strategies, and to discover the factors most likely to influence the performance of the business. In conducting a PESTEL analysis, business managers may create strategies that take several macro-environmental factors into consideration, so that the strategy formulation process will be as sensitive to current and future environmental factors as possible. How to cite Pestel Framework, Papers
Tuesday, May 5, 2020
Management and Organizational Behavior Encouraging Employees
Question: Describe about the Management and Organizational Behavior for Encouraging Employees. Answer: Introduction Motivation in an organization is an activity of encouraging employees to perform better so that they are able to accomplish the goals and objectives. It is a theoretical concept that explains the behavior. The assignment addresses the theories of motivation and the use of these theories in the organization. The author has chosen Starbucks to evaluate the motivational theories and concepts and analyze the use of these in the organization. The assignment highlights the strengths and weakness of the three motivation theories such as need theory, cognitive activities and reward and reinforcement. It describes the main needs and expectations that managers have to take not in order to motivate the employees (Drnyei and Ushioda 2013). Body Basic model of motivation: Motivation is the behavior that humans hold. Motivation theory is the process of explaining why and how human behavior is activated. There is various motivation theory that are as follows: Maslows hierarchy of needs Motivator hygiene theory Alderfers ERG theory McClellands learned needs theory (Heinrichs et al. 2013). The major theories of motivation are: Expectancy motivation theory Equity theory Reinforcement theory Goal setting theory. The basic aim of motivation is to encourage employees to work hard to accomplish goals and objectives. It helps in improving the productivity of the firm as it encourages team building. Three motivation theories: Maslows Need theory of motivation: The need theory of motivation is divided into several hierarchies as follows: Physiological component includes the basic need of humans that is hunger, shelter, food and other needs. Safety component includes security and protection that is generated from physical and emotional harm. Social component includes affection, belongingness, acceptance and friendship. Esteem includes social status that the humans have such as achievement, autonomy and other factors. Self-actualization is the highest level of need. The strength of the need theory is that it is applicable to all the human beings. The weakness is that there is little growth opportunity and the model risky in nature (Kaur 2013). Cognitive theory of motivation: There are two types of cognitive motivation theory that is expectancy theory and goal settings theory. Expectancy theory explains the reason of the humans to choose one behavioral option over the others. Goal setting theory explains the motivation that is required for setting the goals and objectives. The strength of the theory is that it is easily approachable and accessible while the disadvantage is that it is a combination of two theories that makes it difficult to understand (Miner 2013). Reinforcement theory of motivation: It is one of the oldest motivation theories that are based on traditional findings that is based on behavior of people. The theory is also known as behaviorism. The weakness of the theory is that it was made out of frustration and hence lacks direct observing phenomenon. The strength is that the theory has been used in many fields of study such as raising children and training animals (Reeve 2014). Case study: Starbucks: Starbucks is a well-known coffee shop that is well known for the employee management. It is well known for not only coffee but also staff service. The company uses Maslows theory of motivation to motivate its employees. Starbucks uses Maslows theory of employee motivation by trying to fulfill the needs of employees such as safety needs, social needs, physiological needs and other needs. Starbucks provides security and protection to the employment and encourage them to work as a team by giving competitive salary. The employees at Starbucks treat each other with respect that keeps the self-esteem of people high (Chua and Banerjee 2013). The working condition is good that encourages works to work hard. Starbucks gives employees an opportunity to grow and develop providing them to work in a flexible environment. The competitive salary, working environment and the flexible management helps in motivating employees to work better. Starbucks is known for its efficient management of employees and the service that it provides. Hence, studying the case of Starbucks is essential to understand the motivation theories used. Conclusion Motivating employees at workplace is necessary to encourage them to work hard and achieve the set goals and targets. There are various motivation theories developed by various authors. Each theory has some weakness and strengths. Motivation is the behavior that people hold. It is the responsibility of managers and leaders in an organization to motivate employees. Maslows hierarchy need theory is the most widely used theory in many organizations. Starbucks that is a coffee house also uses Maslows need theory to motivate the employees. References Chua, A.Y. and Banerjee, S., 2013. Customer knowledge management via social media: the case of Starbucks.Journal of Knowledge Management,17(2), pp.237-249. Drnyei, Z. and Ushioda, E., 2013.Teaching and researching: Motivation. Routledge. Heinrichs, K., Oser, F. and Lovat, T. eds., 2013.Handbook of moral motivation: theories, models, applications(Vol. 1). Springer Science Business Media. Kaur, A., 2013. Maslows Need Hierarchy Theory: Applications and Criticisms.Global Journal of Management and Business Studies,3(10), pp.1061-1064. Miner, J.B., 2013. Miner (2013), Addendum: The Role Motivation Theories of Organizational Leadership.Transformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead 10th Anniversary Edition (Monographs in Leadership and Management, Volume 5) Emerald Group Publishing Limited,5, pp.395-398. Reeve, J., 2014.Understanding motivation and emotion. John Wiley Sons.
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